Types of Partnerships: Universal and Particular (Art. 1200–1207)
Types de sociétés : universelles et particulières (Art. 1200–1207)
Kalite Sosyete: Inivèsèl ak Patikilye (Art. 1200–1207)
Lesson Content
Chapter II: The Different Kinds of Partnerships
Having established the basic definition of a partnership, the Code Henry now classifies partnerships into two broad categories. Article 1200 draws the fundamental line: partnerships are either universal or particular.
Section I: Universal Partnerships (Art. 1201–1205)
Article 1201 identifies two types of universal partnerships: one covering all present property, and one covering the universality of gains or profits. These were the most sweeping forms of partnership — arrangements in which partners pooled vast portions of their economic lives.
Article 1202 describes the universal partnership of all present property. This was formed when the parties put in common all their movable and immovable property that they possessed at the time the agreement was executed, along with any profits they might make. They could even include other kinds of gains and the enjoyment only (not the ownership) of property that might come to the partners by succession, donation, or legacy. However, the ownership of future property could not be included — except between spouses, who followed the rules governing marriage contracts.
This exception for spouses is a telling detail. It shows how the Code Henry recognized marriage as a unique legal institution that could bear economic arrangements too sweeping for any other relationship.
Article 1203 describes the universal partnership of gains and profits. This was a somewhat narrower arrangement: it included the movable property the partners possessed at the time of the contract, the enjoyment only of their personal immovable property, and everything they might acquire through their industry, by whatever means.
Article 1204 provides a useful default rule: if a convention is described simply as a "universal partnership" without further explanation, it will be considered only a universal partnership of gains and profits — the narrower form. This protected partners from inadvertently putting all their present property at risk.
Article 1205 introduces an important restriction: persons whom the law prohibits from giving to or receiving from each other — to the prejudice of other persons — cannot form a universal partnership. This rule prevented people from using partnership law to circumvent restrictions on donations, such as those protecting forced heirs.
Section II: Particular Partnerships (Art. 1206–1207)
Article 1206 defines the particular partnership: one that covers only certain determined things, or their use, or the fruits to be gathered from them. This was the more common, everyday form of partnership — a joint venture focused on specific assets or activities.
Article 1207 gives practical examples: associations between several persons for the exercise of some trade or profession, or for a designated enterprise, are also particular partnerships. This article recognized that most real-world partnerships in Christophe's kingdom would be of this focused, practical variety — merchants pooling capital for a trading voyage, artisans combining their workshops, farmers sharing equipment for a harvest season.
Chapitre II : Des diverses espèces de Sociétés
Ayant établi la définition de base d'une société, le Code Henry classe maintenant les sociétés en deux grandes catégories. L'Article 1200 trace la ligne fondamentale : les sociétés sont soit universelles, soit particulières.
Section I : Des Sociétés universelles (Art. 1201–1205)
L'Article 1201 identifie deux types de sociétés universelles : l'une couvrant tous les biens présents, l'autre couvrant l'universalité des gains ou profits.
L'Article 1202 décrit la société universelle de tous biens présents. Elle se forme en mettant en commun tous les biens meubles et immeubles que les parties possèdent lors de la passation de l'acte, ainsi que les profits qu'elles pourront faire. On peut même y comprendre la jouissance seulement des biens qui adviendront aux associés par successions, donations ou legs — mais la propriété des biens à venir ne peut y être comprise, sauf entre époux.
L'Article 1203 décrit la société universelle de gains et profits : elle comprend les meubles possédés au temps du contrat, la jouissance seulement des immeubles personnels, et tout ce que les associés acquéreront par leur industrie.
L'Article 1204 fournit une règle par défaut : si la convention n'est désignée que « société universelle » sans autre explication, elle ne sera considérée que comme universelle de gains ou profits — la forme la plus étroite.
L'Article 1205 introduit une restriction importante : les personnes auxquelles la loi défend de se donner ou recevoir respectivement l'une de l'autre, au préjudice d'autres personnes, ne peuvent former de société universelle.
Section II : De la Société particulière (Art. 1206–1207)
L'Article 1206 définit la société particulière : celle qui ne comprend que certaines choses déterminées, ou leur usage, ou les fruits à en percevoir.
L'Article 1207 donne des exemples pratiques : les associations entre plusieurs personnes pour l'exercice de quelque métier ou profession, ou pour une entreprise désignée, sont aussi des sociétés particulières.
Chapit II : Divès Kalite Sosyete
Apre li fin etabli definisyon debaz yon sosyete, Kòd Henry a kounye a klase sosyete yo an de gwo kategori. Atik 1200 trase liy fondamantal la : sosyete yo swa inivèsèl oswa patikilye.
Seksyon I : Sosyete Inivèsèl yo (Art. 1201–1205)
Atik 1201 idantifye de kalite sosyete inivèsèl : youn ki kouvri tout byen prezan, lòt la ki kouvri tout benefis oswa pwofi.
Atik 1202 dekri sosyete inivèsèl tout byen prezan an. Li fòme lè pati yo mete an komen tout byen mebl ak imèb yo posede lè yo pase akt la, ansanm ak pwofi yo ka fè. Yo ka menm mete ladan l jwisans sèlman nan byen ki pral vini bay asosye yo pa siksesyon, donasyon oswa lèg — men pwopriyete byen ki pral vini pa kapab ladan l, eksepte ant mari ak madanm.
Atik 1203 dekri sosyete inivèsèl benefis ak pwofi a : li gen ladan l mebl yo posede nan moman kontra a, jwisans sèlman nan imèb pèsonèl yo, ak tout sa asosye yo pral jwenn pa endistri yo.
Atik 1204 bay yon règ pa defo : si konvansyon an jis deziyen kòm « sosyete inivèsèl » san plis eksplikasyon, yo pral konsidere l sèlman kòm inivèsèl de benefis oswa pwofi — fòm ki pi etwat la.
Atik 1205 entwodui yon restriksyon enpòtan : moun lalwa entèdi bay oswa resevwa youn nan men lòt, nan prejidis lòt moun, pa kapab fòme yon sosyete inivèsèl.
Seksyon II : Sosyete Patikilye (Art. 1206–1207)
Atik 1206 defini sosyete patikilye a : li sèlman gen ladan l sèten bagay detèmine, oswa itilizasyon yo, oswa fwi pou rekòlte ladan yo.
Atik 1207 bay egzanp pratik : asosyasyon ant plizyè moun pou egzèsis kèlkeswa metye oswa pwofesyon, oswa pou yon antrepriz deziyen, se tou sosyete patikilye.